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Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill (13 February 1849 –
24 January 1895) was a
United Kingdom statesman.
Lord Randolph was the third son of the John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough and Frances (1822–1899), daughter of the
Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry and his wife
Frances Anne Vane. He was the father of the future wartime Prime Minister,
Winston Churchill.
Early life
He was born at 3 Wilton Terrace,
Belgravia,
London. His early education was conducted at home, and at Tabor's Preparatory School at
Cheam. In January 1863 he went to
Eton College, where he remained until July 1865. He did not stand out either at academic work or sport while at Eton; his contemporaries describe him as a vivacious and rather unruly boy. In October 1867 he matriculated at Merton College, Oxford. He had a liking for sport, but was also an avid reader, and obtained a second-class degree in jurisprudence and modern history in 1870. In 1874 he was elected to British House of Commons as
Conservative Party (UK) member for
Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency), defeating George Brodrick, a fellow, and afterwards warden, of Merton College. His
maiden speech, delivered in his first session, made no impression on the House.
Influential marriage
Lord Randolph Churchill married on 15 April
1874 Jennie Jerome, daughter of Leonard Jerome, of New York in the
United States, by whom he had two sons,
Winston Churchill (1874–1965) and John Strange Spencer-Churchill (1880–1947). Jennie Jerome's social contacts greatly helped advance Lord Randolph's early career.
s
The "Fourth Party"
It was not until 1878 that he came to public notice as the exponent of a species of independent Conservatism. He made a series of furious attacks on
Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh,
Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross, and other prominent members of the "old gang". George Sclater-Booth, 1st Baron Basing (afterwards 1st Baron Basing), President of the Local Government Board, was a specific target, and the minister's County Government Bill was fiercely denounced as the "crowning dishonour to Tory principles", and the "supreme violation of political honesty". Lord Randolph's attitude, and the vituperative fluency of his invective, made him a parliamentary figure of some importance before the dissolution of the 1874 parliament, though he was not yet taken quite seriously.
In the new parliament of 1880 he speedily began to play a more notable role. Along with
Henry Drummond-Wolff,
John Eldon Gorst and occasionally Arthur James Balfour, he made himself known as the audacious opponent of the
Liberal Party (UK) administration and the unsparing critic of the Conservative front bench. The "fourth party", as it was nicknamed, at first did little damage to the government, but awakened the opposition from its apathy; Churchill roused the Conservatives by leading resistance to
Charles Bradlaugh, the member for
Northampton (UK Parliament constituency), who, though an avowed atheist or agnostic, was prepared to take the parliamentary oath.
Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh, the Conservative leader in the Lower House, was forced to take a strong line on this difficult question by the energy of the fourth party. The long controversy over Bradlaugh's seat, showed that Lord Randolph Churchill was a parliamentary champion who added to his audacity much tactical skill and shrewdness. He continued to play a conspicuous part throughout the parliament of 1880 to 1885, targeting William Ewart Gladstone as well as the Conservative front bench, some of whose members, particularly R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross and William Henry Smith (politician), he singled out for attack.
From the beginning of the History of Modern Egypt imbroglio Lord Randolph was emphatically opposed to almost every step taken by the government. He declared that the suppression of Ahmed Urabi's rebellion was an error, and the restoration of the
khedive's authority a crime. He called Gladstone the "Moloch of Midlothian", for whom torrents of blood had been shed in Africa. He was equally severe on the domestic policy of the administration, and was particularly bitter in his criticism of the Kilmainham treaty and the rapprochement between the Gladstonians and the
Charles Stewart Parnell.
Tory democracy
By 1885 he had formulated the policy of progressive Conservatism which was known as "
Tory democracy". He declared that the Conservatives ought to adopt, rather than oppose, popular reforms, and to challenge the claims of the Liberals to pose as champions of the masses. His views were largely accepted by the official Conservative leaders in the treatment of the Gladstonian Franchise Bill of 1884. Lord Randolph insisted that the principle of the bill should be accepted by the opposition, and that resistance should be focused on the refusal of the government to combine with it a scheme of redistribution. The prominent, and on the whole judicious and successful, part he played in the debates on these questions, still further increased his influence with the rank and file of the Conservatives in the constituencies.
At the same time he was actively spreading the gospel of democratic Toryism in a series of platform campaigns. In 1883 and 1884 he invaded the Radical stronghold of Birmingham, and in the latter year took part in a Conservative garden party at Aston Manor, at which his opponents paid him the compliment of raising a serious riot. He gave constant attention to the party organization, which had fallen into considerable disorder after 1880, and was an active promoter of the
Primrose League.
Office
In 1884 progressive Toryism won out. At the conference of the Central Union of Conservative Associations, Lord Randolph was nominated chairman, despite the opposition of the parliamentary leaders. A split was averted by Lord Randolph's voluntary resignation; but the episode had confirmed his title to a leading place in the Tory ranks. It was strengthened by the prominent part he played in the events immediately preceding the fall of the Liberal government in 1885; and when
Hugh Childers budget resolutions were defeated by the Conservatives, aided by about half the Parnellites, Lord Randolph Churchill's admirers were justified in proclaiming him to have been the "organizer of victory". His services were, at any rate, far too important to be refused recognition; and in
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury cabinet of 1885 he was made Secretary of State for India. As the price of entry he demanded that Sir Stafford Northcote be removed from the Commons, despite being the Conservative leader there. Salisbury was more than willing to concede this and Northcote went to the Lords as the Earl of Iddlesleigh. During his tenure at the India Office during the short-lived minority Conservative administration, Churchill reversed policy over
Burma. He sided with commercial interests and directed the Viceroy, Lord
Dufferin, to invade
Upper Burma in November 1885. With little discussion, Churchill then decided to annex the final remnant of the once great Burmese kingdom, adding it as a new province of the Indian Raj as a "New Year present" for Queen Victoria on 1 January 1886.
In the autumn election of 1885 he contested
Birmingham Central (UK Parliament constituency) against
John Bright, and though defeated here, was at the same time returned by a very large majority for
Paddington South (UK Parliament constituency). In the contest which arose over Gladstone's Home Rule bill, Lord Randolph again bore a conspicuous part, and in the electioneering campaign his activity was only second to that of some of the
Liberal Unionist Party, Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire,
George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen and Joseph Chamberlain. He was now the recognized Conservative champion in the Lower Chamber, and when the second Salisbury administration was formed after the general election of 1886 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer and
Leader of the House of Commons.
Eclipse
His management of the House was on the whole successful, and was marked by tact, discretion and temper. But he had never really reconciled himself with some of his colleagues, and there was a good deal of friction in his relations with them, which ended with his sudden resignation on 20 December
1886. Various motives influenced him in taking this surprising step; but the only ostensible cause was that put forward in his letter to Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, which was read in the
British House of Commons on 27 January. In this document he stated that his resignation was due to his inability, as
Chancellor of the Exchequer, to concur in the demands made on the Treasury by the ministers at the head of the naval and military establishments. It was commonly supposed that he expected his resignation to be followed by the unconditional surrender of the cabinet, and his restoration to office on his own terms. The sequel, however, was entirely different. The cabinet was reconstructed with Goschen as Chancellor of the Exchequer (Lord Randolph had "forgotten Goschen", as he is said to have remarked). For the next few years there was some speculation about a return to frontline politics, as often happens when a Cabinet minister resigns, but Churchill's own career as a
Conservative Party (UK) chief was over.
Although he continued to sit in Parliament, his health was in serious decline throughout the 1890s. He bestowed much attention on society, travel and sport. He was an ardent supporter of the
Horse-racing, and, in 1889, he won the Epsom Oaks with a
Mare (horse) named the Abbesse de Jouarre. In 1891 he went to
South Africa, in search both of health and relaxation. He travelled for some months through
Cape Colony.http://www.matjiesfontein.com/About/index.htm Visit to Matjiesfontein. , the
Transvaal and
Rhodesia, making notes on the politics and economics of the countries, shooting lions, and recording his impressions in letters to a London newspaper, which were afterwards republished under the title of
Men, Mines and Animals in South Africa. He attacked William Ewart Gladstone's
Home Rule with energy, and gave fiery pro-Union speeches in
Ireland.
During this time he coined the phrase
"Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right". But it was soon apparent that his powers were undermined by the illness (reputedly tertiary
syphilis), which took his life at the age of 45. As the session of 1893 wore on, his speeches lost their old effectiveness, and in 1894 he was listened to not so much with interest as with pity. His last speech in the House was delivered in the debate on
Uganda in June
1894, and was a painful failure. He was, in fact, dying of syphilis. A journey round the world failed to cure him. Lord Randolph started in the autumn of
1894, accompanied by his wife, but his illness made so much progress that he was brought back hurriedly from Cairo. He reached England shortly before Christmas and died in
London. He is buried near his wife and sons at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
His widow, Lady Randolph Churchill, married
George Cornwallis-West in 1900, yet retained her noble prerogative earned through her marriage to Lord Randolph.
Fictional appearances
The character Randolph Churchill has appeared in numerous movies and television productions about his son Winston. He is generally portrayed as a cold and distant man, although perhaps was no worse than many other fathers of his time and class.
He was featured in the film "
Edward the King" as a more natural character, sociably similar to Edward VII of the United Kingdom and his other friends. His downfall is represented when he confronted
Alexandra of Denmark and demanded her to use her influence with the Prince to stop
Lord Aylesford proceeding with a divorce from his wife, Lady Aylesford, after she had planned to elope with Lord Randolph's elder brother, the Marquess of Blandford. He threatens to expose letters from the Prince to Lady Aylesford, so scandalous, so he says, that if they were to be exposed, "the Prince of Wales would never sit on the throne of England." Outraged, the Princess goes to see Victoria of the United Kingdom, who is equally indignified. The
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, informs the Prince, who is so angry that he challenges Lord Randolph to a
duel in the South of France. Eventually, Lord Aylesford does not attempt to seek a divorce from his wife, and Lord Blandford does not elope with Lady Aylesford. Lord Randolph sends a note of apology to the Prince, which is merely acknowledged. Disgraced, Lord Randolph and his wife leave for America.
He is the target of an assassination attempt in the J.M. Barrie novella about a secret society of killers,
Better Dead.
References
{{succession box | title = [Member of Parliament for [Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency)
| years = [United Kingdom general election, 1874–[United Kingdom general election, 1885
| before = [Henry Barnett, MP
| after = [Francis William Maclean
-->{{succession box | title = [Member of Parliament for [Paddington South (UK Parliament constituency)
| years = [United Kingdom general election, 1885–[Paddington South by-election, 1894
| before = ''(new constituency)''
| after = [Thomas George Fardell
-->
Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill (13 February 1849 – 24 January 1895) was a United Kingdom
statesman.
Lord Randolph was the third son of the John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough and Frances (1822–1899), daughter of the Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry and his wife Frances Anne Vane. He was the father of the future wartime
Prime Minister,
Winston Churchill.
Early life
He was born at 3 Wilton Terrace,
Belgravia,
London. His early education was conducted at home, and at Tabor's Preparatory School at
Cheam. In January 1863 he went to
Eton College, where he remained until July 1865. He did not stand out either at academic work or sport while at Eton; his contemporaries describe him as a vivacious and rather unruly boy. In October 1867 he matriculated at Merton College, Oxford. He had a liking for sport, but was also an avid reader, and obtained a second-class degree in jurisprudence and modern history in 1870. In 1874 he was elected to
British House of Commons as Conservative Party (UK) member for
Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency), defeating George Brodrick, a fellow, and afterwards warden, of Merton College. His
maiden speech, delivered in his first session, made no impression on the House.
Influential marriage
Lord Randolph Churchill married on 15 April
1874 Jennie Jerome, daughter of
Leonard Jerome, of
New York in the
United States, by whom he had two sons,
Winston Churchill (1874–1965) and John Strange Spencer-Churchill (1880–1947). Jennie Jerome's social contacts greatly helped advance Lord Randolph's early career.
s
The "Fourth Party"
It was not until 1878 that he came to public notice as the exponent of a species of independent Conservatism. He made a series of furious attacks on
Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh, Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross, and other prominent members of the "old gang". George Sclater-Booth, 1st Baron Basing (afterwards 1st Baron Basing), President of the Local Government Board, was a specific target, and the minister's County Government Bill was fiercely denounced as the "crowning dishonour to Tory principles", and the "supreme violation of political honesty". Lord Randolph's attitude, and the vituperative fluency of his invective, made him a parliamentary figure of some importance before the dissolution of the 1874 parliament, though he was not yet taken quite seriously.
In the new parliament of 1880 he speedily began to play a more notable role. Along with Henry Drummond-Wolff,
John Eldon Gorst and occasionally
Arthur James Balfour, he made himself known as the audacious opponent of the Liberal Party (UK) administration and the unsparing critic of the Conservative front bench. The "fourth party", as it was nicknamed, at first did little damage to the government, but awakened the opposition from its apathy; Churchill roused the Conservatives by leading resistance to
Charles Bradlaugh, the member for Northampton (UK Parliament constituency), who, though an avowed atheist or agnostic, was prepared to take the parliamentary oath.
Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh, the Conservative leader in the Lower House, was forced to take a strong line on this difficult question by the energy of the fourth party. The long controversy over Bradlaugh's seat, showed that Lord Randolph Churchill was a parliamentary champion who added to his audacity much tactical skill and shrewdness. He continued to play a conspicuous part throughout the parliament of 1880 to 1885, targeting
William Ewart Gladstone as well as the Conservative front bench, some of whose members, particularly R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross and William Henry Smith (politician), he singled out for attack.
From the beginning of the History of Modern Egypt imbroglio Lord Randolph was emphatically opposed to almost every step taken by the government. He declared that the suppression of Ahmed Urabi's rebellion was an error, and the restoration of the
khedive's authority a crime. He called Gladstone the "Moloch of Midlothian", for whom torrents of blood had been shed in Africa. He was equally severe on the domestic policy of the administration, and was particularly bitter in his criticism of the Kilmainham treaty and the rapprochement between the Gladstonians and the Charles Stewart Parnell.
Tory democracy
By 1885 he had formulated the policy of progressive Conservatism which was known as "
Tory democracy". He declared that the Conservatives ought to adopt, rather than oppose, popular reforms, and to challenge the claims of the Liberals to pose as champions of the masses. His views were largely accepted by the official Conservative leaders in the treatment of the Gladstonian Franchise Bill of 1884. Lord Randolph insisted that the principle of the bill should be accepted by the opposition, and that resistance should be focused on the refusal of the government to combine with it a scheme of redistribution. The prominent, and on the whole judicious and successful, part he played in the debates on these questions, still further increased his influence with the rank and file of the Conservatives in the constituencies.
At the same time he was actively spreading the gospel of democratic Toryism in a series of platform campaigns. In 1883 and 1884 he invaded the Radical stronghold of
Birmingham, and in the latter year took part in a Conservative garden party at Aston Manor, at which his opponents paid him the compliment of raising a serious riot. He gave constant attention to the party organization, which had fallen into considerable disorder after 1880, and was an active promoter of the Primrose League.
Office
In 1884 progressive Toryism won out. At the conference of the Central Union of Conservative Associations, Lord Randolph was nominated chairman, despite the opposition of the parliamentary leaders. A split was averted by Lord Randolph's voluntary resignation; but the episode had confirmed his title to a leading place in the Tory ranks. It was strengthened by the prominent part he played in the events immediately preceding the fall of the Liberal government in 1885; and when Hugh Childers budget resolutions were defeated by the Conservatives, aided by about half the Parnellites, Lord Randolph Churchill's admirers were justified in proclaiming him to have been the "organizer of victory". His services were, at any rate, far too important to be refused recognition; and in Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury cabinet of 1885 he was made Secretary of State for India. As the price of entry he demanded that Sir Stafford Northcote be removed from the Commons, despite being the Conservative leader there. Salisbury was more than willing to concede this and Northcote went to the Lords as the Earl of Iddlesleigh. During his tenure at the India Office during the short-lived minority Conservative administration, Churchill reversed policy over Burma. He sided with commercial interests and directed the Viceroy, Lord
Dufferin, to invade Upper Burma in November 1885. With little discussion, Churchill then decided to annex the final remnant of the once great Burmese kingdom, adding it as a new province of the Indian Raj as a "New Year present" for Queen Victoria on 1 January 1886.
In the autumn election of 1885 he contested Birmingham Central (UK Parliament constituency) against
John Bright, and though defeated here, was at the same time returned by a very large majority for Paddington South (UK Parliament constituency). In the contest which arose over Gladstone's
Home Rule bill, Lord Randolph again bore a conspicuous part, and in the electioneering campaign his activity was only second to that of some of the
Liberal Unionist Party, Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen and
Joseph Chamberlain. He was now the recognized Conservative champion in the Lower Chamber, and when the second Salisbury administration was formed after the general election of 1886 he became
Chancellor of the Exchequer and
Leader of the House of Commons.
Eclipse
His management of the House was on the whole successful, and was marked by tact, discretion and temper. But he had never really reconciled himself with some of his colleagues, and there was a good deal of friction in his relations with them, which ended with his sudden resignation on 20 December 1886. Various motives influenced him in taking this surprising step; but the only ostensible cause was that put forward in his letter to
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, which was read in the
British House of Commons on 27 January. In this document he stated that his resignation was due to his inability, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, to concur in the demands made on the Treasury by the ministers at the head of the naval and military establishments. It was commonly supposed that he expected his resignation to be followed by the unconditional surrender of the cabinet, and his restoration to office on his own terms. The sequel, however, was entirely different. The cabinet was reconstructed with Goschen as Chancellor of the Exchequer (Lord Randolph had "forgotten Goschen", as he is said to have remarked). For the next few years there was some speculation about a return to frontline politics, as often happens when a
Cabinet minister resigns, but Churchill's own career as a
Conservative Party (UK) chief was over.
Although he continued to sit in Parliament, his health was in serious decline throughout the 1890s. He bestowed much attention on society, travel and sport. He was an ardent supporter of the Horse-racing, and, in 1889, he won the
Epsom Oaks with a Mare (horse) named the Abbesse de Jouarre. In 1891 he went to
South Africa, in search both of health and relaxation. He travelled for some months through Cape Colony.http://www.matjiesfontein.com/About/index.htm Visit to Matjiesfontein. , the Transvaal and Rhodesia, making notes on the politics and economics of the countries, shooting lions, and recording his impressions in letters to a London newspaper, which were afterwards republished under the title of
Men, Mines and Animals in South Africa. He attacked
William Ewart Gladstone's
Home Rule with energy, and gave fiery pro-Union speeches in
Ireland.
During this time he coined the phrase
"Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right". But it was soon apparent that his powers were undermined by the illness (reputedly tertiary syphilis), which took his life at the age of 45. As the session of
1893 wore on, his speeches lost their old effectiveness, and in 1894 he was listened to not so much with interest as with pity. His last speech in the House was delivered in the debate on
Uganda in June 1894, and was a painful failure. He was, in fact, dying of syphilis. A journey round the world failed to cure him. Lord Randolph started in the autumn of
1894, accompanied by his wife, but his illness made so much progress that he was brought back hurriedly from Cairo. He reached England shortly before Christmas and died in
London. He is buried near his wife and sons at
St Martin's Church, Bladon, near
Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
His widow, Lady Randolph Churchill, married
George Cornwallis-West in 1900, yet retained her noble prerogative earned through her marriage to Lord Randolph.
Fictional appearances
The character Randolph Churchill has appeared in numerous movies and television productions about his son Winston. He is generally portrayed as a cold and distant man, although perhaps was no worse than many other fathers of his time and class.
He was featured in the film "Edward the King" as a more natural character, sociably similar to Edward VII of the United Kingdom and his other friends. His downfall is represented when he confronted Alexandra of Denmark and demanded her to use her influence with the Prince to stop Lord Aylesford proceeding with a divorce from his wife, Lady Aylesford, after she had planned to elope with Lord Randolph's elder brother, the
Marquess of Blandford. He threatens to expose letters from the Prince to Lady Aylesford, so scandalous, so he says, that if they were to be exposed, "the Prince of Wales would never sit on the throne of England." Outraged, the Princess goes to see Victoria of the United Kingdom, who is equally indignified. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, informs the Prince, who is so angry that he challenges Lord Randolph to a
duel in the South of France. Eventually, Lord Aylesford does not attempt to seek a divorce from his wife, and Lord Blandford does not elope with Lady Aylesford. Lord Randolph sends a note of apology to the Prince, which is merely acknowledged. Disgraced, Lord Randolph and his wife leave for America.
He is the target of an assassination attempt in the
J.M. Barrie novella about a secret society of killers,
Better Dead.
References
{{succession box | title = [Member of Parliament for [Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency)
| years = [United Kingdom general election, 1874–[United Kingdom general election, 1885
| before = [Henry Barnett, MP
| after = [Francis William Maclean
-->{{succession box | title = [Member of Parliament for [Paddington South (UK Parliament constituency)
| years = [United Kingdom general election, 1885–[Paddington South by-election, 1894
| before = ''(new constituency)''
| after = [Thomas George Fardell
-->
Lord Randolph Churchill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill (13 February 1849 – 24 January 1895) was a British statesman. Lord Randolph was the third son of the 7th Duke of Marlborough and Frances ...
Lord Randolph Henry Spencer Churchill
Description of the relationship between a person and the author Frank Harris ... b.1849. d.1895. Conservative MP, father of Winston. FH hoped for advancement through their ...
Churchill, Lord Randolph Henry Spencer
British Conservative politician, chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons in 1886; father of Winston Churchill....
Janus: The Papers of Lord Randolph Churchill
Churchill contains:
I8849: Randolph Churchill (Lord) (13 FEB 1849 - 24 JAN 1895)
1st stop for West Country Genealogy, History and Heraldry. Visitations of Devon, Dorset, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire online!
Randolph Churchill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Randolph Churchill's political career (and that of his son) was not as successful as Sir Winston's or his grandfather's (Lord Randolph Churchill).
NPG 5113; Lord Randolph Churchill
NPG 5113; Lord Randolph Churchill ... NPG 5113 Lord Randolph Churchill by Edwin Longsden Long oil on canvas, exhibited 1888
Cambridge University Library Online
Cambridge University Library's Website ... The papers of Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill (1849-1895), chancellor of the exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons in ...
NPG 3351; Lord Randolph Churchill
NPG 3351; Lord Randolph Churchill ... NPG 3351 Lord Randolph Churchill by Harry Furniss pen and ink, 1880s-1900s
Churchill, Lord Randolph Henry Spencer definition of Churchill, Lord ...
Churchill, Lord Randolph Henry Spencer, 1849–95, English statesman; son of the 7th duke of Marlborough. A sincere Tory and a founder (1883) of the Primrose League, dedicated to ...